It became clearly apparent since the first wave that the SARS-CoV-2 infection does not only affect the respiratory system, but it is a systemic disease, regardless of the severity of clinical symptoms. Over time, humans have been afflicted by several pandemics of which the SARS-CoV-2 is chronologically the latest, but helpfully-at least for now-not the deadliest ( ). Therefore, awareness on vaccination status (timing, patient characteristics, and concurrent therapies) and knowledge on patterns of radiopharmaceutical uptake are necessary to properly interpret PET/CT findings. In addition, vaccine-related findings were detected more frequently in young and immunocompetent patients than in elderly and immunocompromised ones. This large variability was related to the variability in time elapsed between vaccination and PET/CT, and the criteria used to define positivity. Similarly, frequency of these findings using other tracers than FDG was greatly variable. The most frequent vaccine-related signs on PET/CT were the deltoid FDG uptake and axillary hypermetabolic lymph nodes, which were described in 8–71% and 7–90% of the patients, respectively. We selected 17 articles which were assessed for quality and included in the systematic analysis. The search algorithms included the following combination of terms: “PET” OR “positron emission tomography” AND “COVID” “PET” OR “positron emission tomography” AND “COVID” AND “vaccination” “PET” OR “positron emission tomography” AND “COVID”, AND “autoimmune”. The present paper aims to systematically review the literature on COVID-19 vaccine-related findings in patients undergoing PET/CT.
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